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Tuesday, November 22, 2011

Computer - The Need Of Modern Life

!±8± Computer - The Need Of Modern Life

Computers simply mean a machine which can compute. Let us peek into the past and find out who were the geeks who thought about having a device that could perform calculative tasks by recognizing inputs and giving the appropriate outputs.

Abacus developed in 3000 BC can be called the first ever computer as it was a simple counting device. In 1941 a German engineer Konard Zuse developed a first programmable calculator using binary math and Boolean logic. UNIVAC was developed in 1951 and the real breakthrough came in 1952 when Texas Instrument developed the Integrated Circuit. In 1964, IBM introduced a mainframe computer called IBM 360. Apple introduced Apple I in 1976 and Apple II in 1977. The device that is familiar to most of us in terms of looks and functionality was unveiled in 1981 when IBM introduced the Personal Computer.

The main characteristics:

1 - It follows and is capable of following a special set of instructions.

2 - It can execute preset list of instructions generally known as a computer program.

The basic components:

1 - Input Device comprising of a Keyboard and Mouse which are used for entering instructions and data into the device.

2 - Output device such as the Visual Display Unit or the Screen, Printer etc, which lets us see what the device has done.

3 - The Central Processing Unit which is known as the brain where all the processing of data is done and instructions are executed.

4 - Memory is the powerhouse which stores data and instructions in it.

5 - Mass Storage Devices are those which permanently stores and retain large amount of data. The common ones are floppy drives, CD-ROMs, Hard disks etc.

Computers come in various types designed for various purposes keeping in mind different categories of its users. According to their type they have different capabilities and are priced accordingly. The most popular is the Personal Computer which is for personal use of a single user at one time. They come in two types; A Desktop and a Laptop. Then there is an even smaller models known as the Palmtop which can be held in the palms of the user. While these are the smaller and personal types, The Mainframe, Workstation and Supercomputers are the larger high end computers used by big organizations.

They can perform a wide range of functions such as word processing, Digital Audio/Video composition, Internet, Communications and Networking and Desktop Publishing. Word processing capability includes automatic correction of spelling and grammar mistakes. Internet is one of the greatest inventions of human beings. It connects infinite number of devices in the manner of a web.

Ungodly amounts of information are available on the Internet and facilities of communications such as messaging, audio and video conferencing are available for free. Graphic engineers are using computers for editing audio and video compositions. No media production can be completed without the help of these devices. Nowadays they are indispensable for Banking, Railway and Flight Reservations, Education and even defense of a country. There is hardly any sector of business which does not utilize these devices. Important and critical business tasks cannot be accomplished without the help of them.

Just like human beings, computers are also prone to diseases which are created by attack of viruses. Proper back up of all data stored in it must be maintained to provide back up in case of storage media failure. They must be secured from unauthorized use by passwords and must be protected from viruses by installing anti-virus programs in them. Computers, if safeguarded and used properly can create wonders for human kind and can produce results which are unachievable without them.

Computer - The Need Of Modern Life

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Tuesday, October 18, 2011

The History of Calculators

!±8± The History of Calculators

There was a time in history when simple arithmetic was compulsory in school. As technology emerged new discoveries quickly transformed the way we used traditional methods. One of these great inventions was the calculator. Modern calculators differ from old counting instruments. Numerical devices such as the abaci and comptometers were a manual process that was full of errors and quite tedious. Conversely modern calculators are digital or solar powered and don't require much manual labor. They are very inexpensive and come in many sizes and models. Listed below are seven lucky facts about calculators you should know:

In Education
1. There was plenty resistance to using calculators in school because it was thought that it would take away from their basic arithmetic skills.
2. Some scientific research indicates that insufficient guidance in the use of calculators can hold back mathematical thinking that pupils learn. On the flip side, others dispute that mathematical devices can cause fundamental mathematical skills to weaken or that such use can prevent learning of key mathematical concepts.

History: The Early Days
3. The first type of calculating instrument that was implanted was the Abacus. They were made out of a square shaped wooden piece with beads sliding up and down on wires. The Abacus is still used by merchants and fishermen in Africa and Asia.
4. The first recorded analog computer was in 150 BC. It was called the Antikythera mechanism and the astrolabe. These computation devices were made in Greece.

17th to 19th century
5. Wilhelm Schickard a German mathematician made the first digital calculator in 1623. He is dubbed the father of the computing era. His design used techniques that a clock used so addition devices were originally called computing clocks.
6. These gadgets were later improved upon by Charles Babbage (rhymes with cabbage) when he invented the mechanical calculator. It was called the difference engine because it could manipulate seven numbers of thirty-one.

Present
7. In the early eighties computing gadgets were a luxury item costing about two weeks pay. Prices dropped as cost of construction material for these devices became less expensive and accessible.
Today it is difficult for manufacturers to make a good profit of selling calculators solely. Consequently companies have competed to find unique strategies to sell computing devices. You can now purchase them as a dual items on mouse pads, pens, rulers and almost anything you can think of.